Teaching, Learning and Assessment
Mar 13,23Question:
Background:
Master of Business
Section A: Teaching, Learning and Assessment
Subject Name & Code | MB112 Business Ethics |
Semester/year | Semester 2 2020 |
Credit Point Value | 10 |
Duration | One semester |
AQF Level | 8 |
Student Workload | 10 hours a week |
Pre-Requisite | None |
Presentation Team
Subject Coordinator | Helene Strawbridge |
Lecturers | Helene Strawbridge |
Office Location | |
helene.strawbridge@win.edu.au | |
Phone | |
Consultation times | By email and follow up phone call by arrangement |
Teaching methods/strategies
Briefly describe below, the teaching methods/strategies (face to face lectures, online tutorial) used in this subject/unit:
Three-hour class contact including 1.5 hour lecture and 1.5 hour tutorial.
§ Hypothetical as well as contemporary real world case studies are used to develop students’ understanding of key management concepts and their applications. § Students are expected to do a minimum of 7 hours of personal study outside of class |
Brief Subject Description
Business Ethics explores the breadth and depth of ethical issues confronting contemporary organisations. The Subject examines the major ethical theories and applies these to a critical analysis of both theory and practice. Emphasis is placed upon discussing the complexity involved in applying different ethical positions to business decisions and the implications of adopting a particular ethical position. There is a focus on equipping students with the understanding of the role, and implications of ethical behaviour in organisational practice.
Student Learning Outcomes
After successfully completing this subject, students will be able to:
a | Identify core ethical issues, conflicts and dilemmas facing contemporary organisations |
b | Explain the ‘moral maze’ created by the complexity of competing ethical positions |
C | Classify organisational responses to ethical issues using the major ethical models |
d | Articulate an informed ethical position on business issues |
E | Evaluate the nature of professionalism and professional ethics and the ethical implications of working as a professional in organisations |
F | Critically analyse the implied and explicit ethical positions in their own, others’ and organisations’ words and practices. |
Weekly Schedule (Semester 2, 2020)
Week | Date (Week beginning Monday) | Topics | Required Reading |
1 | 20.07.20 | The Importance of Business Ethics. | Nonaka, K & Takeuchi, H (2011).The Big Idea: The Wise Leader. Harvard Business Review, https://hbr.org/2011/05/the-big-idea-the-wise-leader |
2 | 27.07.20 | Stakeholder Relationships, Social Responsibility, and Corporate Governance. | Orts, EW & Strudler, A (2009). Putting a stake in stakeholder theory. Journal of Business Ethics 88(4), 605-615. |
3 | 3.08.20 | Emerging Business Ethics Issues. | Anderson, LV (2016),, Ethics Trainings Are Even Dumber Than You Think,’ slate.com. http://www.slate.com/articles/business/the_ladder/2016/05/ethics_compliance_training_is_a_waste_of_time_here_s_why_you_have_to_do.html |
4 | 10.08.20 | The Institutionalisation of Business Ethics. | Jensen, T, Sandstrom, J & Helin, S (2009). Corporate codes of ethics and the bending of the moral space. Organisation. 16(4), 529-545. |
5 | 17.08.20 | Ethical Decision Making.
Assessment 1 – Ethical dilemmas analysis |
Brown, D (2016). Ethics and Professionalism in the Workplace. Indianapolis Recorder, September 15, 2016. http://www.indianapolisrecorder.com/business/article_36d05298-7b96-11e6-8226-033c365dab07.htm |
6 | 24.08.20 | Individual Factors: Moral Philosophies and Values. | Baumane-Vitolina, I Cals, I & Sumilo, E (2015). ‘Is ethics rational? teleological, deontological and virtue ethics: theories reconciled in the context of traditional economic decision making’, Procedia Economics and Finance, 39, pp. 108.114. |
7 | 31.08.20 | Intra semester break | |
8 | 7.09.20 | Organisational Factors: The Role of Ethical Culture and Relationships. | Riivari, E & Lamsa, A-M (2014). Does it Pay to Be Ethical? Examining the Relationship Between Organisations’ Ethical Culture and Innovativeness. Journal of Business Ethics, 124, 1-17. |
9 | 14.09.20 | Developing an Effective Ethics Program.
Assessment 2 – Media Articles Folio |
Stöber, T., Kotzian, P., & Weibenberger, B. (2018). Design matters: On the impact of compliance program design on corporate ethics. Business Research, September: 1-42. |
10 | 21.09.20 | Managing and Controlling Ethics Programs. | Remišová, Lašáková, & Kirchmayer. (2018). Influence of Formal Ethics Program Components on Managerial Ethical Behavior. Journal of Business Ethics, 1-16. |
11 | 28.09.20 | Globalisation of Ethical Decision Making. | De Roeck, K., Marique, G., Stinglhamber, F., & Swaen, V. (2014). Understanding employees’ responses to corporate social responsibility: Mediating roles of overall justice and organisational identification. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 25 (1): 91–112. |
12 | 5.10.20* | Ethical Leadership. | Hegarty, N. & Moccia, S. (2018). Components of Ethical Leadership and Their Importance in Sustaining Organisations Over the Long Term. The Journal of Values-Based Leadership, 11(1), .56-67. |
13 | 12.10.20 | Sustainability: Ethical and Social Responsibility Dimensions
Assessment 3- Learning Journal |
Aguinis, H., & Glavas, A. (2012). What we know and don’t know about corporate social responsibility: A review and research agenda. Journal of Management, 38 (4): 932–968. |
14 | 19.10.20 | Study Week – No classes | |
15 | 26.10.20 | Exams | |
16 | 2.11.20 | Exams |
*Note – Monday 5 October is a public holiday
Summary of Assessment
Assessment Task | % | Relevant Learning
Outcomes |
Due Date |
Assessment 1 – Ethical Dilemmas analysis
Details on following pages |
20% | A, B, D, E | Week 5 |
Assessment 2 – Media Articles Folio
Details on following pages |
40% | A, C, D, E | Week 9 |
Assessment 3 – Reflective Report
Details on following pages |
40%
(Must pass with at least 40% to pass overall subject) |
A-F | Week 13 |
Note:
- Students must achieve a total mark of at least 50% AND a mark of at least 40% in the final Assessment 3.
Text and References
Topic Readings
Hegarty, N. & Moccia, S. (2018). Components of Ethical Leadership and Their Importance in Sustaining Organisations Over the Long Term. The Journal of Values-Based Leadership, 11(1), 56-67.
Jensen, T, Sandstrom, J & Helin, S (2009). Corporate codes of ethics and the bending of the moral space. Organisation. 16(4), 529-545.
Remišová, Lašáková, & Kirchmayer. (2018). Influence of Formal Ethics Program Components on Managerial Ethical Behavior. Journal of Business Ethics, 1-16.
Riivari, E & Lamsa, A-M (2014). Does it Pay to Be Ethical? Examining the Relationship Between Organisations’ Ethical Culture and Innovativeness. Journal of Business Ethics, 124, 1-17
Stöber, T., Kotzian, P., & Weibenberger, B. (2018). Design matters: On the impact of compliance program design on corporate ethics. Business Research, September: 1-42.
Wang, X, Li, F & Sun, Q. (2018). Confucian ethics, moral foundations, and shareholder value perspectives: An exploratory study. Business Ethics: A European Review. 27, 260–271.
Recommended Readings
Aguinis, H., & Glavas, A. (2012). What we know and don’t know about corporate social responsibility: A review and research agenda. Journal of Management, 38 (4): 932–968.
De Roeck, K., Marique, G., Stinglhamber, F., & Swaen, V. (2014). Understanding employees’ responses to corporate social responsibility: Mediating roles of overall justice and organisational identification. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 25 (1): 91–112.
Mayer, D. M. (2014). A review of the literature on ethical climate and culture. In Schneider, B. & Barbera, K. (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of organisational climate and culture. Oxford University Press.
Online Resources and Readings Students will need to be familiar with accessing library data bases and using web browsers to access online journals.
Recommended journals/Periodicals
Academy of Management Journal International Journal of Management
Advances in Management and Organisation Journal of Business and Management
Asia Pacific Management Review Journal of Management and Organisation
Asian Academy of Management Journal Journal of Organisational Behavior
Gender, Work and Organisation
Group and Organisation Management
Human Resource Management
Detailed Assessment Guidelines and Marking Templates:
Assessment 1: Ethical Dilemmas Analysis
Due date: | Sunday 23.08.20, before 11:55 p.m., end of Week 5 |
Weighting: | 20% |
Length and Format: | 1000 words (excluding Reference list)
Address each dilemma separately, with no common introduction or conclusion. |
Assessment Details: | At the end of Week 3, FOUR ethical dilemmas will be provided.
Read each of the dilemmas and chose TWO to answer. Individual questions will direct you to write 500 words for each dilemma, linking relevant theory from the Subject materials with your analysis and recommendations. One Reference list is required, to support your citations for both dilemmas. The dilemmas will be based on Topic 1-4 of the Subject materials. |
Assessment addresses SLOs | A, B, D, E |
Marking Criteria | Please refer to Marking Template A |
Marking Template A – Assessment 1
Marking Template | SLOs | Very Poor | Poor | Satisfactory | Good | Very Good | |||
Discipline knowledge | A | ||||||||
Critical thinking and analysis development | B and D | ||||||||
Academic presentation: referencing, writing and structure | E | ||||||||
Summary comments: | Mark /20 |
Assessment 2 – Media Articles Folio
Due date: | Sunday, 20.09.20 before 11.55 p.m., end of Week 9 |
Weighting: | 40% |
Length and/or format: | 2000 words (excluding Reference list)
Address each article separately, with no common introduction or conclusion. |
Assessment Details: | You choose TWO media articles (from a newspaper or magazine article, or internet article) published after 1 January 2020. Each article must be at least 200 words in length and are NOT academic journal articles.
The articles must have issues of a business ethics nature, such as immoral behaviour by an individual or organisation, or other issues that have been covered in the Subject materials. For each article, write 1000 words to: · Present the title, media source, URL and date of the article. · Provide an overview of the article contents and the identified ethical issues. (start with Topics 4 and 5). · Analyse ONE issue with theories presented in the Subject materials to discuss why the event occurred, factors which contributed and the consequences. (start with Topics 3, 6 and 7). · Describe the stakeholders impacted now and in the future by the issue. Focus on positive and negative impacts. (start with Topic 2). · Make your recommendations that are realistic and practical to resolve the issue you have identified. One Reference list is required, to support your citations for both articles. |
Assessment addresses SLOs | A, C, D, E |
Marking Criteria | Please refer to Marking Template B |
Marking Template B – Assessment 2
Media Articles Folio | SLOs | Very Poor | Poor | Satisfactory | Good | Very good | |
Demonstrated understanding of the relevant concepts/theories in application of business ethical management approaches | A | ||||||
Identified relationships between stakeholder impacts and the key issue, use of critical analysis, quality of argument, addresses the guidelines | C | ||||||
Made recommendations using theories that link to organisational ethical responses | D | ||||||
Presentation – referencing style and use, punctuation, spelling, grammar and proofreading, acceptable layout and length, clarity of writing | E | ||||||
Summary comments: | Mark /40 |
Assessment 3 – Reflective Report
Due date: | Sunday 18.10.20, before 11:55 p.m., end of Week 13 |
Weighting: | 40% |
Length and/or format: | 2000 words (excluding Reference list)
Address each article separately, with no common introduction or conclusion. |
Assessment Details: | Your report will consist of three entries and one entry as a summary of learnings, a total of four reflections (500 words each). Each entry will relate to a different topic or task, namely:
§ Topic 9 Managing and Controlling Ethics Programs § Topic 10 Globalisation of Ethical Decision Making § Topic 11 Ethical Leadership § Professional Identity self-reflection Write a draft after each class, so that your reflection will be effective and relevant, related to the Topic just completed. Topic Reflections (for three topics) Each Reflective Report Entry for the Topic must be clearly organised under three headings below and should include the following contents and address the following questions: 1, Learning What have I learnt (i.e., what was new/different for me)? Reflective analysis on learning from online sessions and assigned reading(s) for each Topic. 2. Critique How relevant is the topic of study? This should include a discussion of strengths and weaknesses of the key theories/ideas/concepts for the topic. 3. Reflection (in two equal parts) · To what extent do the concepts/ideas and theories reflect what happens in your work place? (If you are not currently working, then reflect upon a previous place of employment or an organisation with which you are familiar, such as a sports or social club). · How can I make use of this learning in a future situation? For this section, you may choose to focus on one or two aspects of the topic. Cite at least one reading from the Subject materials and your own research for each of the three Topics, in the Learning and Critique sections for each Reflection. Professional identity self-reflection Assume that you are applying for an ethics officer position for an professional accounting organisation. Before the scheduled interview, you have been asked to submit a written statement. You must present a professional identity of yourself as an experienced practitioner, using relevant knowledge from Subject materials. Note that this entry does not require you to follow the contents, headings and structure of the three Topic reflections. The task is to : § Present your knowledge of the organisation’s likely ethical issues that may occur in their industry sector (start with Topic 3) § Show your understanding of the institutionalisation of business ethics (start with Topic 4) § Link your experience with ethical practices you have performed in your current or previous workplace in considering the development of effective ethics programs (start with Topic 8). |
Assessment addresses SLOs | A-F |
Assessment criteria: | See Marking Template C |
Marking Template C
Marking Template | SLOs | Very Poor | Poor | Satisfactory | Good | Very Good | |||
For each Topic (3 Topics) | |||||||||
· Learning | A and B | ||||||||
· Critique | C and D | ||||||||
· Reflection | E | ||||||||
Professional Identity Self-Reflection | A – F | ||||||||
Writing quality | E | ||||||||
Summary comments: | Mark /40 |
Detailed descriptors for each grade
High Distinction (H)
An analytical piece of work that offers originality in synthesis or analysis, and utilises a multitude of relevant sources to justify arguments and produce a critical and intelligent piece of work. Work of this standard will require flawless referencing and will contain few, if any, grammatical errors. All areas of criteria will be of an excellent standard.
Distinction (D)
Comprehensively analyses the question, understands and compares approaches systematically, critical comments on literature, excellent examples and illuminating insights. Work of this standard will be consistent and clear with appropriate referencing and use of grammar throughout.
Credit (C)
Analytical and explanatory discussion, some theoretical insights, good use of sources and examples, focused argument that could be improved. Work of this standard may achieve good levels of performance on some of the criteria but not all. The discussion will address the question but could lean towards description rather than analysis.
Pass (P)
Competent descriptive discussion, some grasp of the topic, coherent style and composition, essentially a superficial discussion. Work of this standard might only include a limited range of source material and provide information rather than argument. Structure and presentation could require improvement and the introduction and conclusion might not clearly convey the position and findings of the author.
Fail (F)
Discussion fails to answer the set question or relies on few, if any, source material. Answer contains grammatical errors and/or inappropriate referencing technique and, of course, an absence of any referencing. Work of this standard is often brief and is unable to demonstrate a clear understanding of the topic and relevant issues. Responses fail to meet the learning objectives for the assessment.
Plagiarism
A similarity report provides an important indicator of whether a student’s work is original or plagiarised. Generally, a similarity report of more than 25% warrants close scrutiny to assess whether the problem relates to poor writing technique or plagiarism.
Moodle and Turnitin
This subject will use the Moodle learning management system. Moodle can be accessed by first clicking onto the Student Portal link on the Win home page, and then clicking onto Moodle.
The Moodle home page for this subject will include the subject outline, information on the essay and other subject information, a notice board, and a weekly folder of relevant course materials, including Power Point slides and a tutorial guide for each topic.
All communications with students in the subject will use the Notice Board and the Moodle email system. Emails will use only students’ Win email addresses.
Grades will also appear in the My Grades section of Moodle once marking for each assessment has been completed.
It is an expectation that all students will check the subject’s Moodle site (and their Win student email) on a regular basis each week.
Assessments (except the class test and final exam) will be submitted using the Turnitin link that will appear on the Moodle home page for this subject. Turnitin is a software product that reports on similarities between your paper and other documents. Turnitin is used by over 1000 organisations, including universities and colleges around the world. It is an important tool to assist students with their academic writing by promoting awareness of plagiarism.
When you submit your assignment through the Turnitin link, you will receive an originality report, based on a matching of your work to that in Turnitin’s extensive database. If you submit your assignment within a reasonable time before the due date, you will have time to act on the originality report, if necessary. For example, a high matching percentage may mean that you need to fully acknowledge your source materials, or it may mean that you need to better paraphrase the source materials in your own words. Therefore, if you use Turnitin in this way, it can be of considerable assistance in helping you to improve your writing skills. The key is to allow enough time to make any changes after viewing the originality report – do not leave your submission until the last minute!
Section B – Additional Institute Information
Grade Descriptions
Students may be awarded a raw numerical mark for each subject which will then be converted to one of the following:
HD – High Distinction 85% and above
D – Distinction 75 – 84%
C – Credit 65 – 74%
P – Pass 50 – 64%
F – Fail – below 50%
CF – Compulsory Fail (this may be a mark of over 50%, however the student did not achieve at least 40% in the final assessment item)
For more information on please refer to the Institute’s policy ‘Student Assessment Policy and Procedure’ available on the Institute’s website.
Assignment Submissions
Students are required to submit assessment items at the time and date specified in this Subject Outline. Assessment items submitted after the due date will be subject to a penalty unless the Lecturer or Course Coordinator has given prior approval in writing for an extension of time to submit that item.
Assessments should be submitted in the form specified in the subject outline or as notified by the Lecturer. Where assessment items are submitted electronically, the date and time the email was received will be considered the date and time of submission. Written papers or other physical submissions are to be time and date stamped as a record of receipt.
Students whose ability to submit or attend an assessment item is affected by sickness, misadventure or other circumstances beyond their control, may be eligible for special consideration. No consideration is given when the condition or event is unrelated to the student’s performance in a component of the assessment, or when it is considered not to be serious.
Please refer to the Institute’s policy ‘Student Assessment Policy and Procedure’ available on the Institute’s website for details.
Assignment Extensions and Penalties
Assignments must be submitted on the due date. Late assignments will incur a penalty as outlined in the Institute’s policy ‘Student Assessment Policy and Procedure’ available on the Institute’s website.
Academic Misconduct
Academic misconduct involves cheating, collusion, plagiarism or any other conduct that deliberately or inadvertently claims ownership of an idea or concept without acknowledging the source of the information. This includes any form of activity that negates the academic integrity of the student or another student and/or their work.
Plagiarism occurs when students fail to acknowledge that the ideas of others are being used. Specifically it occurs when:
- other people’s work and/or ideas are paraphrased and presented without a reference;
- other students’ work is copied or partly copied;
- other people’s designs, codes or images are presented as the student’s own work;
- phrases and passages are used verbatim without quotation marks and/or without a reference to the author or a web page;
- lecture notes are reproduced without due acknowledgement.
Cheating occurs when a student seeks to obtain an unfair advantage in an examination or in other written or practical work required to be submitted or completed for assessment.
Collusion (unauthorised collaboration) involves working with others without permission to produce work which is then presented as work completed independently by the student. Collusion is a form of plagiarism. Students should not knowingly allow their work to be copied.
There are substantial penalties for academic misconduct. Please refer to the Institute’s ‘Academic Integrity and Honesty Policy and Procedure’ available on the web site for more information.
Referencing Procedures
The Institute has adopted the APA Style for the referencing of sources. Please refer to the Institute’s web site or the library for information on how to reference using the APA style.
Subject Evaluation
At the end of each semester all students will be asked to fill in a subject evaluation form. This information will assist us in making improvements to enhance the quality of delivery.
Evaluations will include questions about the content, the assessment, delivery mode and other features. You will also have an opportunity to make open-ended comments. Subject evaluations are important to us and are taken seriously so please ensure that your responses accurately reflect how you feel. All evaluations are anonymous to ensure privacy.
Learning Support Services
If you have any queries or requests about the course and this subject in particular, you should first approach your Lecturer or Tutor. You may also approach the Course Coordinator if you are unable to resolve your issue with the Lecturer or Tutor. Contact details are provided below.
The Institute wants to ensure that you have the best learning environment available to maximise your chances to do well in the course. We have staff on hand to provide student support and assistance with administrative matters when required. We also have a Student Welfare Officer who can provide assistance and support with any personal matters. Contact details are provided below.
If you are experiencing language difficulties, please discuss this with your lecturer who may refer you to an English language Centre for additional assistance. Depending on the level of support required, there may be some additional costs imposed.
The Institute has a Learning Assistance Centre which is provided through the Library. There are on-going workshops available if you need assistance with study skills, presentation skills, writing skills, how to reference information sources using the APA style etc. Please check with the Librarian to access these services.
Prior to your enrolment, the Institute makes every effort to ensure that your verbal and written skills in English are at the appropriate level to successfully complete a bachelor’s degree. Each of the subjects will be delivered by lecturers who are sensitive to the needs of students from a NESB. For this reason, important vocabulary will be pre-taught. Nevertheless, if you are experiencing language difficulties, you may be referred by your lecturer to the English language Centre or the Learning Assistance Centre for additional support.
All lecturers are instructed to carefully monitor each student’s language proficiency in the first four weeks of subject delivery using the “Participation” mode of assessment, to determine if there are any problems with your understanding and usage of written and spoken academic English. Through these Centres, the Institute offers specially developed modules of study designed to enhance your language and study skills. The level of language support you will require will be determined by our specially trained staff, qualified “IELTS” testers, in order to ensure that you have all the necessary support to succeed in your studies.
Depending on the level of support required, there may be some additional costs imposed.
The Institute’s Learning Assistance Centre based in the Library also provides on-going workshops and modules on study skills, presentation skills, writing skills and how to reference information sources using the APA style etc. Please check with the Librarian to access these services.
Additional Contacts
Dr Keri Spooner | keri.spooner@win.edu.au | Dean |
Dennis Mortimer | dennis.mortimer@win.edu.au | Teaching and Learning Coordinator |
Sue Bond | sue.bond@win.edu.au | Registrar |
Dr Charles Lo | charles.lo@win.edu.au | Director of Master of Professional Accounting |
Dr Keri Spooner | keri.spooner@win.edu.au | Director of Master of Business |
Alison Lee | alison.lee@win.edu.au | Bachelor of Business Course Coordinator |
Celine Adams | celine.adams@win.edu.au | Bachelor of Business (Professional Accounting) Course Coordinator |
Jane Cameron | jane.cameron@win.edu.au | Bachelor of Interactive Media Course Coordinator |
Bella Carr | bella.carr@win.edu.au | Study Skills Advisor |
Deepa Thapa | deepa.thapa@win.edu.au | Study Support Tutor |
Nina Suprun | nina.suprun@win.edu.au | Library Manager |
Wendy Wu | wendy.wu@win.edu.au | Assistant Registrar of Higher Education |
Ava Cai | ava.cai@win.edu.au | Accounts |
Steve Li | steve.li@win.edu.au | IT Manager |
Iris Weng | iris.weng@win.edu.au | Academic Officer |
Wentworth Institute of Higher Education, 302 Elisabeth Street, Sydney http://www.win.edu.au/ Higher Education CRICOS code: 03279M
You choose TWO media articles (from a newspaper or magazine article, or internet article) published after 1 January 2020. Each article must be at least 200 words in length and are NOT academic journal articles.
The articles must have issues of a business ethics nature, such as immoral behaviour by an individual or organisation, or other issues that have been covered in the Subject materials.
Foreach article, write 1000 words to:
- Present the title, media source, URL and date of the article.
- Provide an overview of the article contents and the identified ethical issues. (start with Topics 4 and 5).
- Analyse ONE issue with theories presented in the Subject materials to discuss why the event occurred, factors which contributed and the consequences. (start with Topics 3, 6 and 7).
- Describe the stakeholders impacted now and in the future by the issue. Focus on positive and negative impacts. (start with Topic 2).
- Make your recommendations that are realistic and practical to resolve the issue you have identified.
One Reference list is required, to support your citations for both articles.
Answer:
Introduction
Assessment 2 – Media Articles Folio
Student’s Name
Institutional Affiliation
Assessment 2 – Media Articles Folio
Article 1
The first article is titled “Virgin’s unethical business practices against small startups and non-profit foundations” by PR Fire. The news article was written two months ago and whose URL link is https://www.newsanyway.com/2020/07/06/virgins-unethical-business-practices-against-small-start-ups-and-non-profit-foundations/. The date for the news post was done on 6th July 2020. The media source for the article is newsanyway.com.
Overview of the Article
The article addresses the company Virgin Enterprises/Virgin Group and how its business practices happen with other immediate firms or enterprises as well. The article states that Sir Richard Branson and the Virgin Group are made up of law firms that damage any persons on their way- any person who could be having a court case with them- in terms of whatever dreams, merits, and the cost that the accuser has against them. For instance, the author states that Virgin sued a company that used to air on TV termed “Jane the Virgin.” Virgin also sued “Las Virgenes”- a non-profit educational foundation. Another ethical issue concerns the costs paid to have calls amount to $300 per call according to the article. The company also charges a similar amount to have letters written to clients and even in case they have a scheduled meeting with the clients. According to such ethical issues, Virgin can set a huge amount of money to carry on with the litigation process regardless of the person who is accusing them of any issues. Another ethical issue in the article is Virgin had the idea of VIRGINIC LLC yet took to the court to sue about the trademark even after being notified by the company that used their trademark. VIRGINIC LLC had a small budget as compared to the Virgin’s huge budget for the case.
Analysis of Virgin’s Business Practice on Startups Using Theories
Deontology
The deontological theory asserts that people need to adhere to the duties and the obligations they are engaged in towards appropriate decision making (Gawronski & Beer, 2017). Such a situation means that the person will follow their obligations to the society or other persons since upholding of any duty is what is regarded ethically right (Jensen et al., 2009). In the article, it is clear that the case of the attack on the startup, Virgin had an obligation to question UKIPO on the trademark that was awarded to VIRGINIC LLC. Virgin could have engaged the VIRGINIC LLC on what was happening no knowing that the UKIPO had already offered their trademark to VIRGINIC LLC. From such a case, it also seems that the VIRGIN LLC could have obliged to engage Virgin on the case given that they seemed to have no information on the trademark- only to realize that their trademark was already awarded to the other aggrieved party. The factor that contributed to the case was based on failure to adhere to the appropriate duties and obligations in ensuring that all parties were aware of the trademark awards. The consequence of this scenario was that Virgin sued the VIRGINIC LLC in the UK courts for infringing its trademark policy.
Utilitarianism
The theory is based on the capability of forecasting results or consequences of a particular action. To any particular utilitarian, the selection that offers the maximum output is what is considered ethically right (Van Staveren, 2007). In this case, one can state that utilitarianism is aimed at offering the best for all the people. In the given article, VIRGINIC LLC could have played a central role in ensuring that Virgin was engaged in the deal with the UKIPO in awarding the trademark. There could as well be a consensus present for both parties- that is, the VIRGINIA LLC and Virgin. Another instance of utilitarianism is about the UK courts. The court was responsible for the case between the VIRGINIC LLC and Virgin. When the case was first in its initial phases, Virgin lost the battle to VIRGINIC LLC and amounts totaling 300 euros was incurred in the process. Losing the case meant that the UK courts provided the best regarding the gravity of the case. Following such a ruling, an appeal was made by the Virgin lawyers who this time around, won the case. The factor that contributed to the case scenario is that the judicial process was sensible and that the courts saw it wise to award VIRGINIA LLC 300 euros in the process of winning the case. The consequence of the case as stated is that the startup, VIRGINIA LLC won the case in its initial stages even though Virgin spent lots of hours in the courtroom arguing their case while awaiting justice.
The stakeholders that were impacted were the executives of the company Virgin Group/Enterprises. The stakeholders also impacted are the ones who have issues with trademarks and thereby resort to court cases to resolve their issues. The positive impact is that the company sued could be awarded damages caused in case of any court case that goes in their favor. The negative impact is that if one sues the other, the court judgment could prove otherwise and not award the accuser.
Recommendations
One of the recommendations is that the UKIPO could have ensured that both aggrieved parties had proofs towards the claims of the trademarks before going ahead and awarding one of the parties. Ethical behavior pays at the end (Riivari & Lamsa, 2014). Secondly, informed decision making is needed by the court team when having issues with the trademark matters in front of them before rushing into judgment as they first awarded VIRGINIA LLC and later awarded Virgin. Both parties involved need to understand their situation and solve it out of court.
Article 2
The second article is titled “Tik Tok, China and National Security—Unethical Practice in Global Trade.” The article was published on 2nd July, 2020. The media source of the news article is the businessworld.com. The URL link for the article is http://www.businessworld.in/article/-Tik-Tok-China-and-National-security-Unethical-Practice-In-Global-Trade/02-07-2020-293284/.
Overview of the Article
The article addresses how the Chinese have invested USD 4.6 billion in Indian startups. The article adds that Chinese investors, tech firms, and corporates hoarded their investment intending to reach out to the Indian market. The Chinese government failed to allow the operation of some western tech companies such as ByteDance since the company was already in one of the suspicious national security reviews. The author adds that Tik Tok was banned by the Indian government. Notably, Tik Tok was purchased in 2017 by ByteDance. The Indian government thus found that the application was malicious on particular grounds based on national security. The author also asserts that the company ByteDance was in suspicious accounts since November of the past year. The data breach issues are based on the user data collection and similar cases of security concern. The reason for the ban of the company is that the Indian government found the company to have violated its public order, defense of India, and also prejudice to the integrity and sovereignty of India. The Indian government also banned different links that were supported by China such as UC News, WeChat, Club Factory, Mi Community, Helo, Baidu Map, UC Browser, and SHAREit.
Analysis of the Article Using Theories
Deontology
The deontological theory asserts that people need to adhere to the duties and the obligations they are engaged in towards appropriate decision making (Gawronski & Beer, 2017). Such a situation means that the person will follow their obligations to the society or other persons since upholding of any duty is what is regarded ethically right (Jensen et al., 2009). In the article, it is clear that China has been found to have violated national security in different countries such as India and the United States as well. China had a moral obligation to ensure that the support they give to India was beneficial to all but ended up being unethical to the national security of the different countries outlined in the article. China has been in support of modern technology regarding new apps. In the article, China has contributed to an investment of more than USD 4.6 billion in 2019 alone. In this case, China had a moral duty to ensure that the applications and ideas they offer to new markets would add value to every individual. It sounds ironic that China invested technology in different countries but did not permit other countries to introduce such technology in its territories. The article states that China did not accept western tech companies to have their operations in China. Even one would ask themselves how such an ironic situation would happen given the intentions China had in mind. It does not add up as to why such a case would happen in the first place.
Utilitarianism
The theory is based on the capability of forecasting results or consequences of a particular action. To any particular utilitarian, the selection that offers the maximum output is what is considered ethically right (Van Staveren, 2007). In this case, one can state that utilitarianism is aimed at offering the best for all the people. In the given article, China had no interest in the Indian people at heart. The applications and the ideas China had ended up being a threat to national security which shows that maximum benefit to the people failed. It can be seen in the figures provided in the article that different countries have banned the use of Tik Tok such as Mexico, Russia, Indonesia, Brazil, the USA, and India. If it were a matter of maximum benefit as described through utilitarianism, then the mentioned nations could not have bowed out of the application given such huge investments by the Chinese government. Instead, the case ended up being an unethical stance by China. Again, China has provided several applications as mentioned in the article such as UC News, WeChat, Club Factory, Mi Community, Helo, Baidu Map, UC Browser, and SHAREit. All these applications and links established by China have ended up being a matter of national security as opposed to maximum benefit or advantage to the people.
The stakeholders impacted as a result of such unethical practices include the recipient nations and the Chinese government as well. The positive impact of the issue is that no more trust or allegiance can be offered by the different countries to China. The different countries have now become enlightened given that China has no interest in them at heart. Instead, China aims at having a user data breach. The negative impact is that China has breached data of different users around the globe using different applications. Different nations could have lost important data due to such breaches by China.
Recommendations
One of the recommendations is that different countries should know the intention of the other when striking data-based deals. Another recommendation is that if one country has to accept the installation or launch of particular applications in the country, then the country that is bringing the new idea should have installed or is using such applications in their country as well. This case would prove that the application is for the maximum benefit of the people and not to cause harm or damage regarding the data breach.
Reference
Gawronski, B., & Beer, J. S. (2017). What makes moral dilemma judgments “utilitarian” or “deontological”? Social Neuroscience, 12(6), 626-632.
Jensen, T, Sandstrom, J & Helin, S (2009). Corporate codes of ethics and the bending of the moral space. Organisation. 16(4), 529-545.
Riivari, E & Lamsa, A-M (2014). Does it pay to Be Ethical? Examining the Relationship between Organisations’ Ethical Culture and Innovativeness. Journal of Business Ethics, 124, 1-17
Van Staveren, I. (2007). Beyond utilitarianism and deontology: Ethics in economics. Review of Political Economy, 19(1), 21-35.
http://www.businessworld.in/article/-Tik-Tok-China-and-National-security-Unethical-Practice-In-Global-Trade/02-07-2020-293284/
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